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-
- Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG)
-
- Date Formed: 1982.
-
- Estimated Membership: An estimated 1,500 guerrillas from various
- groups. The URNG is a loose coalition of three
- of the major insurgent groups in Guatemala
- that have used terrorist tactics - the
- Revolutionary Organization of the People in
- Arms (ORA), the Guerrilla Army of the Poor
- (EGP), and the Rebel Armed Forces (FAR).
-
- Headquarters: Delegations in Mexico City, Havana, and Managua.
-
- Area of Operations: Rural Guatemala, with the OPR in the southwest,
- the EGP mainly in the northwest highlands, and
- the FAR in the extreme north in Peten Department.
-
- Leadership: Leaders of each group are believed to form the joint
- leadership of the URNG, including Rodrigo Asturias
- Amado ("Gaspar Ilom") of the ORPA, Jorge Soto Garcia
- ("Pablo Monsanto") of the FAR, and Ricardo Ramirez de
- Leon ("Rolando Moran") of the EGP.
-
- Other Names: Political arm is known as the Guatemalan Committee for
- Patriotic Unity (CGUP). Sometimes claims operations in
- the name of any of its individual component groups.
-
- Sponsors: Cuba.
-
- Political Objectives/Target Audiences:
-
- * Unit the guerrillas and revolutionary front organizations into a
- broad coalition to achieve the unity necessary to launch a
- "people's revolutionary war."
-
- * Defeat the "power of national and foreign wealth and install a
- patriotic, revolutionary, and democratic people's government."
-
- Background
-
- In 1980, the three groups of the URNG signed a unity agreement that
- was a precondition for increased Cuban support. The URNG was formalized
- in Havana in February 1982. As a result, the Government of Guatemala
- launched a large counteroffensive in an attempt to eliminate the
- guerrillas' popular support base. By the end of that year, the
- guerrillas were on the defensive and decreased activity for the next
- two years. In February 1985, they announced "a new stage of military
- struggle" but showed no evidence of being able to expand their
- operations.
-
- Cooperation and coordination among the groups is incomplete and
- irregular. Nonetheless, the URNG stresses joint political-military
- operations and coordination among its member groups on matters
- pertaining to territorial responsibilities, tactics, strategy, and
- external support. Cooperation between groups seems to work best in rural
- areas, mainly among the ORPA and the FAR. Cuba has assisted the URNG by
- supplying various groups with Western-made weapons such as assault
- rifles, recoilless rifles, machineguns, grenade launchers, and mortars,
- as well as Chinese-made Type-56 RPG-2 rocket launchers.
-
- In the 1960s, Cuba provided a great deal of aid, including weapons,
- training, logistic, political, and propaganda support to the FAR, the
- first of the Guatemalan groups to be formed. Recent Cuban support is
- suspected to be limited to minor financial aid for black market arms
- purchases. Nicaragua is believed to provide some aid. URNG groups also
- have ties with various Latin American terrorist organizations and
- solidarity movements in Latin America, Canada, the United States, and
- Europe.
-
- All three member groups of the URNG are anti-U.S. and have taken
- part in operations such as assassinations of civilians and economic
- sabotage, though most of their activities have been directed at the
- Army. The FAR is the oldest and most established of the organizations
- and seems to recover rapidly from serious losses, though it has not
- been as severely threatened as have the ORPA and the EGP. When
- guerrilla activity is too difficult to undertake, the FAR seems
- the most willing to resort to terrorist operations to remind the
- country that it still exists. A separate list of the FAR's
- activities is provided below.
-
- Selected Incident Chronology
-
- December 1983 - Hurled a fragmentation grenade at the Salvadoran
- Embassy in Guatemala City, causing material damage
- only.
-
- January 1984 - Attacked the official residence of junta leader General
- Oscar Mejia Victores with machineguns and grenade
- launchers.
-
- January 1985 - Occupied four towns in El Peten Department during a
- 3-day period and destroyed a Government vehicle
- transporting road construction materials.
-
- October 1985 - Blew up a light aircraft when it tried to land on a
- mined airstrip of the Panama Farm in Suchitepquez
- Department, killing the Norwegian Consul in Guatemala.
-
- FAR Attacks
-
- January 1968 - Machine-gunned and killed the head of the U.S. Military
- Mission and the U.S. Naval Attache in Guatemala City.
- Two other members of the U.S. Military Mission were
- wounded in the attack.
-
- August 1968 - Assassinated U.S. Ambassador John Gordon Mein on a
- Guatemala City street after he resisted an apparent
- kidnaping attempt.
-
- March 1979 - Assassinated an industrialist/landowner in Guatemala City
- who was the manager of two Us-owned enterprises in
- Huehuetenango.
-
- February 1985 - Occupied seven villages and terrorized a U.S. oil
- company camp in El Peten Department.
-
- July 1985 - Occupied the camp of a foreign oil company, two towns,
- and two highway sections. Clashed with Army troops in
- northern El Peten.
-
- February 1986 - Occupied the Hispanoil oil-drilling camp in El Peten
- and carried out sabotage actions.
-
- March 1986 - Occupied the Chinaja oil well in Alta Verapaz Department
- and carried out sabotage actions.
-
- May 1986 - Occupied several towns, sabotaged a pipeline, and attacked
- an Army company in El Peten.
-
- March 1991 - Admitted firing on the helicopter carrying
- Guatemala's new president, Jorge Serrano Elias, but claimed
- they thought the helicopter was carrying out rocket attacks
- against guerrilla columns.
-